Current Issue : July - September Volume : 2019 Issue Number : 3 Articles : 7 Articles
The current treatments of liver cancer in China are mainly comprehensive\ntreatment and systematic treatment, with poor therapeutic effect and high\nrecurrence rate and metastasis rate. The existence of immunosuppressive microenvironment\nis an important reason for liver tumor cells to escape from\nthe host immune system, and also an important basis for the occurrence and\ndevelopment of liver cancer. With the recent transformation of the target of\ntumor therapy from tumor cells to tumor cell immune microenvironment,\nimmunotherapy has emerged quietly. It is a new strategy for the treatment of\nhepatocellular carcinoma to improve the immune attack on tumor cells by\nchanging the immunosuppressive environment of hepatocellular carcinoma\ncells. Immune checkpoint is the main mechanism by which liver cancer cells\nescape the host immune system. PD-1/PDL-1 and CTLA-4 are targeted immunocheckpoint\ninhibitors, which have shown good therapeutic effects and\napplication prospects in the clinical treatment of HCC. This article reviews\nthe latest advances in immunocheckpoint inhibitors in the immunotherapy of\nhepatocellular carcinoma....
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a medically important mosquito-borne virus transmitted to\nhumans by infected Aedes (Stegomyia) species. In 2013-2014, Ae. aegypti transmitted CHIKV to humans\nin the Caribbean and in 2005â??2006, Ae. albopictus transmitted CHIKV on La Réunion Island (Indian\nOcean basin). CHIKV LR2006 OPY1 from the La Réunion epidemic was associated with a mutation\n(E1:A226V) in the viral E1 glycoprotein that enhanced CHIKV transmission by Ae. albopictus. CHIKV\nR99659 from the Caribbean outbreak did not have the E1:A226V mutation. Here, we analyzed the\nsalivary glands and saliva of Ae. albopictus strains from New Jersey, Florida, Louisiana and La Réunion\nafter infection with each virus to determine their transmission potential. We infected the Ae. albopictus\nstrains with blood meals containing 3-7 * 0^7 PFU/mL of each virus and analyzed the mosquitoes\nnine days later to maximize infection of their salivary glands. All four Ae. albopictus strains were\nhighly susceptible to LR2006 OPY1 and R99659 viruses and their CHIKV disseminated infection rates\n(DIR) were statistically similar (p = 0.3916). The transmission efficiency rate (TER) was significantly\nlower for R99659 virus compared to LR2006 OPY1 virus in all Ae. albopictus strains and Ae. aegypti\n(Poza Rica) (p = 0.012) suggesting a salivary gland exit barrier to R99659 virus not seen with LR2006\nOPY1 infections. If introduced, LR2006 OPY1 virus poses an increased risk of transmission by both\nAedes species in the western hemisphere....
Background: Helicobacter pylori infection is associated with the incidence of gastric cancer. Endoscopic resection\nhas been developed as a proper technique to treat early stage of gastric cancer. However, some patients develop\nrecurrent gastric cancer within 5 years after endoscopic treatment. The aim of the present study is to explore a\nbiomarker for detecting people who has high risk of gastric cancer recurrence.\nMethods: We analyzed the Interleukin-10 (IL-10) single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and IgG subclass responses\nto the bacteria in patients with early gastric cancer and recurrent gastric cancer.\nResults: Patients with hetero-type in the 1082 SNP and CC genotype in the 592 SNP were at high risk of recurrence\nof gastric cancer. In patients with genotype carrying high risk of recurrence, IgG1 level tended to be higher than\nthat in patients with other genotypes.\nConclusions: Dominance of T helper 2 (Th2) immunity controlled by IL-10 cytokine may be associated with H. pyloriassociated\ngastric cancer recurrence....
Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is a primary immunodeficiency due to a disorder of the adaptive immune\nsystem which causes hypogammaglobulinemia and therefore an increased susceptibility to infection; noninfectious, inflammatory\nconditions including systemic autoimmunity and lymphoproliferative complications are also commonly associated with CVID.\nCastleman disease (CD) is a systemic disease clinically characterized by diffuse lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, anemia, and\nsystemic inflammatory symptoms. This makes CD a great mimicker of more common benign and malignant masses in the\nneck, chest, abdomen, and pelvis. A novel case of primary immunodeficiency (CVID) in a middle-aged woman, who developed\nmulticentric CD (MDC) with splenomegaly, is described. The authors suggest that the onset of MCD and of the correlated\nsplenomegaly was due to incorrect management of the hypogammaglobulinemia as immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels were not kept\nwithin normal ranges. Correct management of the hypogammaglobulinemia allowed splenectomy to be performed without any\ninfectious surgical complications.MCD is reported for the first time in association with an adult case of CVID.The above reported\ncase highlights the need for a timely correct diagnosis and treatment of CVID to avoid complications, which could cause recourse\nto splenectomy, such as in our case or development of malignancies....
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and lupus erythematosus are multisystem\ndiseases that can affect several organs and systems at different stages\nof disease evolution. Both diseases share common clinical manifestations,\nwhich may lead to diagnostic difficulties, especially at the onset of the disease.\nAnother additional challenge is when there is an association of the two pathologies.\nThe objective of this brief review is to describe the clinical manifestations\nof the diseases and to make considerations regarding the moment of\nonset of symptoms. Knowledge of these common manifestations and their\npeculiarities may alert clinicians to possible diagnoses and avoid errors in the\nevaluation and conduction of these patients....
Background: With few exceptions, current chemotherapy and radiotherapy protocols only obtain a slightly prolonged\nsurvival with severe adverse effects in patients with advanced solid tumors. In particular, most solid malignancies not\namenable to radical surgery still carry a dismal prognosis, which unfortunately is also the case for relapsing disease after\nsurgery. Even though targeted therapies obtained good results, clinical experience showed that tumors eventually\ndevelop resistance. On the other hand, earlier attempts of cancer immunotherapy failed to show consistent efficacy.\nMore recently, a deeper knowledge of immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment (TME) allowed the\ndevelopment of effective drugs: in particular, monoclonal antibodies targeting the so-called immune checkpoint\nmolecules yielded striking and lasting effects in some tumors. Unfortunately, these monoclonal antibodies are not\neffective in a majority of patients and are ineffective in several solid malignancies. Furthermore, due to their\nmechanism of action, checkpoint inhibitors often elicit autoimmune-like disease.\nMain body: The use of viruses as oncolytic agents (OVs) was considered in the past, while only recently OVs revealed a\nconnection with immunotherapy. However, their antitumoral potential has remained largely unexplored, due to safety\nconcerns and some limitations in the techniques to manipulate viruses. OV research was recently revived by a better\nknowledge of viral/cancer biology and advances in the methodologies to delete virulence/immune-escape related\ngenes from even complex viral genomes or â??to armâ? OVs with appropriate transgenes. Recently, the first oncolytic virus,\nthe HSV-1 based Talimogene Laherparepvec (T-VEC), was approved for the treatment of non-resectable melanoma in\nUSA and Europe.\nConclusion: OVs have the potential to become powerful agents of cancer immune and gene therapy. Indeed, in\naddition to their selective killing activity, they can act as versatile gene expression platforms for the delivery of\ntherapeutic genes. This is particularly true for viruses with a large DNA genome, that can be manipulated to address\nthe multiple immunosuppressive features of the TME. This review will focus on the open issues, on the most promising\nlines of research in the OV field and, more in general, on how OVs could be improved to achieve real clinical\nbreakthroughs in cancers that are usually difficult to treat by immunotherapy....
The outcome of host-virus interactions is determined by a number of factors, some related\nto the virus, others to the host, such as environmental factors and genetic factors. Therefore, different\nindividuals vary in their relative susceptibility to infections. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is\nan important pathogen from a clinical point of view, as it causes significant morbidity and mortality\nin immunosuppressed or immunosenescent individuals, such as the transplanted patients and the\nelderly, respectively. It is, therefore, important to understand the mechanisms of virus infection\ncontrol. In this review, we discuss recent advances in the immunobiology of HCMV-host\ninteractions, with particular emphasis on the immunogenetic aspects (human leukocyte antigens,\nHLA; killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors, KIRs; immunoglobulin genetic markers, GM\nallotypes) to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the complex host-virus interaction that\ndetermine various outcomes of HCMV infection. The results, which show the role of humoral and\ncellular immunity in the control of infection by HCMV, would be valuable in directing efforts to\nreduce HCMV spurred health complications in the transplanted patients and in the elderly,\nincluding immunosenescence. In addition, concerning GM allotypes, it is intriguing that, in a\nSouthern Italian population, alleles associated with the risk of developing HCMV symptomatic\ninfection are negatively associated with longevity....
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